Organizational Behavior Revision Sheet free essay sample

Talk about four different ways to lessen misinterpretations when speaking with individuals from an alternate culture. 3) Describe the correspondence procedure. Clarify the pieces of this procedure. Case 1 Your companys HR chief is a devotee to characteristic speculations of authority. He accepts that he can separate pioneers from non-pioneers by concentrating on close to home characteristics and attributes. He requests your ability in pushing him to apply attribute hypothesis to initiative choice inside your organization. While choosing people for administration positions, characteristic hypothesis recommends what of coming up next is least useful for distinguishing pioneers? An) Extraversion B) Conscientiousness C) Openness to encounter D) Agreeableness E) Ambition Case 2 The HR executive intends to advance Lawrence, an exceptionally outgoing administrator with a lot of decisiveness. The chief accepts that in view of his inborn attributes, Lawrence will be profoundly viable at helping the organization accomplish its creation objectives. You prompt the chief against this choice in light of the fact that Exploration has recognized enthusiastic solidness as the most grounded indicator of initiative viability. You exhort the chief against this choice in light of the fact that. Exploration has recognized enthusiastic solidness as the most grounded indicator of initiative viability. B) Studies have discovered that the Big Five attributes are hard to distinguish in pioneers. C) Studies have indicated that exceptionally self-assured pioneers were less compelling than the individuals who were respectably confident. D) Research has discovered that principles is a superior indicator of viability than extraversion. E) Research has demonstrated that compelling supervisors are regularly far-fetched to become successful pioneers. Case 3 You are a representative in a huge association. In this association, there are two ranking directors. The first of these troughs, John, values his capacity to enable his subordinates to comprehend their jobs in accomplishing organization objectives. He characterizes obvious strides for his subordinates to use in finishing ventures, and rewards them for utilizing demonstrated systems. The subsequent administrator, Alan, feels that his job ought to be to give individualized thought and scholarly incitement. His methodology supports imaginative critical thinking and the advancement of new thoughts. The vast majority of the laborers accept that the two heads are very much prepared, yet Alans representatives comment that Alan appears to have a unique administration quality that separates him from different administrators. In his job as administrator, Alan no doubt shows the entirety of the accompanying characteristics.Engaging in unpredictable conduct B) Making self-penances C) Acting in his own eventual benefits D) Setting a model for others to follow 1) Communication must incorporate both the  and the comprehension of significance. A) Transportation B) Interpretation C) Writing D) Transfer E) Intention The capacity to impact a gathering in objective accomplishment B) Keeping request and consistency amidst change C) Implementing the vision and methodology gave by the executives D) Coordinating and staffing the association and taking care of everyday issues E) Not a pertinent variable in present day associations 3) Which of the accompanying articulations with respect to initiative is valid? An) All pioneers are supervisors. B) Formal rights empower administrators to lead successfully. C) All supervisors are pioneers. D) All pioneers are progressively better than supporters. Non-endorsed authority is frequently as significant as or more significant than formal impact. 4) Evidence today proposes that qualities can anticipate authority. This is basically because of the exploration encompassing A) The Big Five. B) American Presidents. C) Behavioral hypotheses. D) Emotional insight. E) All of the over 5) Which two basic qualities of pioneers are a piece of the Big Five character attribute of extraversion? A) Conscientiousness and appropriateness B) Ambition and vitality C) Energy and receptiveness to encounter D) Ambition and scruples E) Energy and enthusiastic solidness.

History of Medical Education With Emphasis to Its Formal Origins Essay

History of Medical Education With Emphasis to Its Formal Origins - Essay Example This paper focuses on that toward the century's end America despite everything battled to determine the issues of its clinical instruction. It is clear there was an acknowledgment that changes ought to be gotten request to cure the circumstance so as to change American clinical instruction along the lines of European clinical schools. In any case, genuine change of American clinical instruction didn't begin until Carnegie Foundation distributed celebrated report of Abraham Flexner Medical training in the United States and Canada This report involved enormous changes in the nature of instruction that American clinical schools gave. The way that these changes were not executed in the USA toward the finish of nineteenth century can be clarified by a few reasons. First the USA was a relatively youthful nation and couldn't give as much chances to the exploration as possible. Barely any specialists were among the principal pilgrims of the USA (halfway because of the restricted opportunities for their training in the landmass), and the societal position of the individuals who settled in America was similarly low. A large portion of the clinical schools that were established depended on the expenses of their understudies, though in Western European nations Government took dynamic part in financing of clinical instructive foundations. As the clinical schools were battling in the USA to discover sufficient funds they needed to consider the desires and wants of the understudies, who needed to get their clinical recogni tions as fast as could be expected under the circumstances, which positively thusly involved the settling for what is most convenient option of clinical training.

Blog Archive MBA News Misguided Student Takes on Professor Galloway

Blog Archive MBA News Misguided Student Takes on Professor Galloway A few weeks ago, we posted Wharton Vice-Dean Jains response to a student who protested the Deans letter suggesting that students consider academics ahead of a ski trip (see: Misguided Students Takes on Dean Jain.) Well, it seems that a Stern student has bitten off more than he can chew as well. See the sequence below Sent: Tuesday, February 9, 2010 7:15:11 PM GMT -08:00 US/Canada Pacific Subject: Brand Strategy Feedback Prof. Galloway, I would like to discuss a matter with you that bothered me. Yesterday evening I entered your 6pm Brand Strategy class approximately 1 hour late. As I entered the room, you quickly dismissed me, saying that I would need to leave and come back to the next class. After speaking with several students who are taking your class, they explained that you have a policy stating that students who arrive more than 15 minutes late will not be admitted to class. As of yesterday evening, I was interested in three different Monday night classes that all occurred simultaneously. In order to decide which class to select, my plan for the evening was to sample all three and see which one I like most. Since I had never taken your class, I was unaware of your class policy. I was disappointed that you dismissed me from class considering (1) there is no way I could have been aware of your policy and (2) considering that it was the first day of evening classes and I arrived 1 hour late (not a few minutes), it was more probable that my tardiness was due to my desire to sample different classes rather than sheer complacency. I have already registered for another class but I just wanted to be open and provide my opinion on the matter. Regards, xxxx xxxx MBA 2010 Candidate NYU Stern School of Business xxxx.nyu.edu xxx-xxx-xxxx The Reply: Sent: Tuesday, February 9, 2010 9:34:02 PM GMT -08:00 US/Canada Pacific Subject: Re: Brand Strategy Feedback xxxx: Thanks for the feedback. I, too, would like to offer some feedback. Just so I’ve got this straight…you started in one class, left 15-20 minutes into it (stood up, walked out mid-lecture), went to another class (walked in 20 minutes late), left that class (again, presumably, in the middle of the lecture), and then came to my class. At that point (walking in an hour late) I asked you to come to the next class which “bothered” you. Correct? You state that, having not taken my class, it would be impossible to know our policy of not allowing people to walk in an hour late. Most risk analysis offers that in the face of substantial uncertainty, you opt for the more conservative path or hedge your bet (e.g., do not show up an hour late until you know the professor has an explicit policy for tolerating disrespectful behavior, check with the TA before class, etc.). I hope the lottery winner that is your recently crowned Monday evening Professor is teaching Judgement and Decision Making or Critical Thinking. In addition, your logic effectively means you cannot be held accountable for any code of conduct before taking a class. For the record, we also have no stated policy against bursting into show tunes in the middle of class, urinating on desks or taking that revolutionary hair removal system for a spin. However, xxxx, there is a baseline level of decorum (i.e., manners) that we expect of grown men and women who the admissions department have deemed tomorrow’s business leaders. xxxx, let me be more serious for a moment. I do not know you, will not know you and have no real affinity or animosity for you. You are an anonymous student who is now regretting the send button on his laptop. It’s with this context I hope you register pause…REAL pause xxxx and take to heart what I am about to tell you: xxxx, get your shit together. Getting a good job, working long hours, keeping your skills relevant, navigating the politics of an organization, finding a live/work balance…these are all really hard, xxxx. In contrast, respecting institutions, having manners, demonstrating a level of humility…these are all (relatively) easy. Get the easy stuff right xxxx. In and of themselves they will not make you successful. However, not possessing them will hold you back and you will not achieve your potential which, by virtue of you being admitted to Stern, you must have in spades. It’s not too late xxxx… Again, thanks for the feedback. Professor Galloway Share ThisTweet New York University (Stern) News

The Role and Effect of International Business Strategies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2116 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? The survival and progression of businesses in the 21st century is highly dependent on the ability of firms to expand beyond their national borders, taking into account the cost effectiveness of expansion and the complexity and risks associated with the companys chosen international business strategy (Peng, Wang, Jiang, 2008). The resources and objectives of a firm, as well as the demand for their product outside their national borders are important in taking the decision to globalise a companys products and/or services (Miller, 1992). Although three strategies are more common in the management literature, namely multi domestic, global and transnational approaches, the fourth strategy available to firms, according to Barlett and Ghoshal (1989) is the international approach to global expansion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role and Effect of International Business Strategies" essay for you Create order This essay will analyse the two approaches that differ in local responsiveness and cost pressure for the business, with the international approach as the least responsive and expensive for the company and the transnational approach as the most costly and locally focused from the four options available to companies. To start with, local responsiveness of multinational corporations is often a matter of mutual expectations of the company expanding into a region and the local customers demands and needs (Gomez-Mejia Palich, 1997). For instance, food and beverage companies from the Western world (i.e. the US or the UK) expanding into Asian countries need to integrate certain products in their range that suit the demands of local consumers (Watson, 2006). As such, the role of the transnational approach is to enable companies from a culturally distinct country to penetrate a new market successfully (London Hart, 2004). There are both positive and negative effects of the transnational a pproach. Developing a business model and manufacturing strategies is a costly process for any company and changing this for the purpose of integrating new products specific to a region is an additional financial pressure for multinational companies (Zaheer, 1995). Although the negative impact of local adaptation may deter some firms from adopting this strategy, the success of companies like McDonalds which take this approach proves that the additional costs can increase the chances of global success and the return on investment (ROI) for the company (Luo, 2001). The core advantage of the transnational approach is the potential of multinational firms to compete with local counterparts in a more effective manner through offering local products alongside their already established reputation (Dawar Frost, 1999). High levels of local responsiveness also ensures that the reputation in the new region contributes to the ethical image and the overall CSR of a multinational company (Husted Allen, 2006). Large corporations are often accused of unethical conduct due to the cost competitiveness with the local providers, as international firms often perfect their manufacturing techniques in order to reduce all the time and resource waste, therefore allowing them to compete with local firms (Meyer, 2004). An increasing number of countries have launched campaigns which promote local companies over the international competitors claiming that regional businesses understand the needs and desires of their customer base more, unlike the multinational firms (Kapferer, 2002). This underlines the importance of local responsiveness, as the resistance of local customers decreases when a multinational demonstrates a desire to first understand the locals behaviour and adjust their strategy accordingly when entering a new region (Prahalad Doz, 1999). In spite of the important role and effect of the transnational approach, there are multiple companies which have succeeded despite the ir disregard of the local customers specific needs and desires (Samiee Roth, 1992). These companies opted for internationalisation as a strategy for global expansion, relying on the recognisability of their brand name, logo, specific products, packaging, etc. A successful company which took this approach in their international expansion is Starbucks, who launched their very specific coffee shops across the world aiming to take over the market share of local coffee shops through offering a very specific experience, rather than focusing exclusively on the beverages offered (Harrison, 2005). Although the local Starbucks coffee shops across the world offer some specific products, such as a variety of green tea products in Asian countries, the core product sold by Starbucks is the experience that customers enjoy alongside their chosen beverage (Gaudio, 2003). Whilst it was difficult at start for Starbucks to maintain a standardised approach to the design of their customer experience, ta king over local coffee shop chains and their clientele has proven to be a successful tactic (Loeb, 2013). This international approach therefore reduces the initial cost pressure through taking over a large share of the customers of former cafÃÆ' ©s in the local region and the premises which were built and used for an identical purpose (Barkema Vermeulen, 1998). Rebranding the coffee shops in order to maintain a standard image is less expensive than building coffee shops from scratch, in addition to the existing customer base that the American giant is able to take over (Gaviria, 2012). In consequence, the role of the international approach as an expansion tactic is to allow companies to expand quickly, cost effectively and effortlessly (Contractor, Kumar, Kundu, 2007). The effect of the tactic is a positive one from a financial viewpoint and, more often than not, a negative one from a reputation point of view, as citizens perceive this approach to disregard any specific cultura l aspect of the region that multinationals penetrate. It is, therefore, obvious that each of these two approaches have their advantages and disadvantages for the company aiming to explore a new region, the local competition and the customer base in the country. However, companies must take into account the impact of the global mobility of the workforce and the extent to which social media influences the demands of customers and the reputation of a multinational firm (Okazaki Taylor, 2013). The role and effect of both international business strategies are influenced by these elements, as consistency in a multinationals approach is even more important in the light of individuals travelling on a regular basis for business and work purposes and the ability of people all over the world to share information via social media (Jin, Park, Kim, 2008). In other words, a company must set their priorities from the onset of internationalisation in order to maximise their earning potential an d the international reputation through their chosen tactic for global reach (Vrontis, Thrassou, Lamprianou, 2009). As a result of this, both the role and the effect of the international business strategies are enhanced in the long run, as companies are less able to change their view on the approach to conquering new regions. Well established Western companies must ponder over the decision of investing capital in the transnational approach, as their lack of success of competing against local companies could mean that their financial loss may never be recuperated (Prahalad Doz, 1999). On the other hand, without an adaptation to the locals needs and desires an international companys ability to succeed may be compromised, but the financial impact of this failure will not be as great as that supported by companies who invest capital in adaptation (Solberg, 2002). Companies must take into account all of the influencing factors, particularly those that stem from cultural elements of t he destination country, when opting for an international business strategy (Drogendijk Slangen, 2006). The gains of the company must be maximised through international expansion and the best solution is often dependent on the capital that the multinational is willing to invest in the their global strategy, as well as the market positioning of local competitors and the resistance of local consumers to new and international products or services. The emergence of social media also offers multinational companies an advantage, as the contact between individuals from distinct areas makes it possible for demand in one country for a particular brand to grow through online advertising of particular products (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010). The international tactic is therefore made easy by the ability to promote a company through social media and export products, without any concern for local adaptation, through online shopping. On the other hand, the success of companies with brick and mortar sho ps in new region is significantly higher than that of companies that rely exclusively on online retail (Steinfield, Adelaar, Liu, 2005). In addition to this, not all regions have the same level of trust towards online shopping, as the security concerns in some regions are significantly higher, particularly when no efforts of local adaptation are made by the international firm (Bart, Shankar, Sultan, Urban, 2005). In conclusion, the role and effect of international business strategies are crucial in the success of expanding a business beyond its national borders, but the potential of these can only be maximised when taking into account other elements that contribute to the internationalisation, such as local culture, the demands, needs and wants of customer base targeted, etc. The impact of the chosen strategy must be thoroughly analysed by a firm, as international strategies require consistency over time in the approach taken. In consequence, the advantages and disadvantages pr esented in this essay must be weighed against the multinationals company mission and their future plans in order to opt for one of the two extremes, transnational or internationalisation approach, or the two other options in between, global or multinational approach. Bibliography Barkema, H. G., Vermeulen, F. (1998). International Expansion Through Start-Up or Acquisition: A Learning Perspective. Journal of Academy Management, 41(1), 7-26. Barlett, C. A., Ghoshal, S. (1989). Matrix management: not a structure, a frame of mind. Harvard Business Review, 68(4), 138-145. Bart, Y., Shankar, V., Sultan, F., Urban, G. L. (2005). Are the drivers and role of online trust the same for all web sites and consumers? A large-scale exploratory empirical study. Journal of Marketing, 69(4), 133-152. Contractor, F. J., Kumar, V., Kundu, S. K. (2007). Nature of the relationship between international expansion and performance: The case of emerging market firms. Journal of World Business, 42(4), 401-417. Dawar, N., Frost, T. (1999). Competing with giants: Survival strategies for local companies in emerging markets. Harvard Business Review, 77(1), 119-132. Drogendijk, R., Slangen, A. (2006). Hofstede, Schwartz, or managerial perceptions? The effects of diffe rent cultural distance measures on establishment mode choices by multinational enterprises. International Business Review, 15(4), 361-380. Gaudio, R. P. (2003). Coffeetalk: Starbucksà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and the commercialization of casual conversation. Language in Society, 32(5), 659-691. Gaviria, D. (2012, April 5). An American Coffee Company in Paris à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Starbucks Rebrands French Stores. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from Branding Magazine: https://www.brandingmagazine.com/2012/04/05/an-american-coffee-company-in-paris-starbucks-rebrands-french-stores/ Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Palich, L. E. (1997). Cultural Diversity and the Performance of Multinational Firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(2), 309-335. Harrison, J. S. (2005). Exporting a North American Concept to Asia Starbucks in China. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 46(2), 275-283. Husted, B. W., Allen, D. B. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in the multinational enterprise: strategic and i nstitutional approaches. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(1), 838-849. Jin, B., Park, J. Y., Kim, J. (2008). Cross-cultural examination of the relationships among firm reputation, e-satisfaction, e-trust, and e-loyalty. International Marketing Review, 25(3), 324-337. Kapferer, J. N. (2002). Is there really no hope for local brands? The Journal of Brand Management, 9(3), 163-170. Kaplan, A., Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. Loeb, W. (2013, January 31). Starbucks: Global Coffee Giant Has New Growth Plans. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterloeb/2013/01/31/starbucks-global-coffee-giant-has-new-growth-plans/ London, T., Hart, S. L. (2004). Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(1), 350-370. Luo, Y. (2001). Determinants of local responsiv eness: perspectives from foreign subsidiaries in an emerging market. Journal of Management, 27(4), 451-477. Meyer, K. E. (2004). Perspectives on multinational enterprises in emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(1), 259-276. Miller, K. D. (1992). A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International Business. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2), 311-331. Okazaki, S., Taylor, C. R. (2013). Social media and international advertising: theoretical challenges and future directions. International Marketing Review, 30(1), 56-71. Peng, M. W., Wang, D. Y., Jiang, Y. (2008). An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(5), 920-936. Prahalad, C. K., Doz, Y. L. (1999). The Multinational Mission: Balancing Local Demands and Global Vision. New York: Simon Schuster. Samiee, S., Roth, K. (1992). The Influence of Global Marketing Standard ization on Performance. Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 1-17. Solberg, C. A. (2002). The perennial issue of adaptation or standardization of international marketing communication: organizational contingencies and performance. Journal of International Marketing, 10(3), 1-21. Steinfield, C., Adelaar, T., Liu, F. (2005). Click and mortar strategies viewed from the web: A content analysis of features illustrating integration between retailers online and offline presence. Electronic Markets, 15(3), 199-212. Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A., Lamprianou, I. (2009). International marketing adaptation versus standardisation of multinational companies. International Marketing Review, 26(4/5), 477-500. Watson, J. L. (2006). Golden Arches East: McDonalds in East Asia (2nd ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. Zaheer, S. (1995). Overcoming the liability of foreignness. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 341-363.

Internship Report - 1292 Words

|University of Hamburg |St. Petersburg State University | | |of Economics and Finance | MiBA Master of International Business Administration INTERNSHIP REPORT AT PALYTRA TRAVEL AGENGY Table of Contents 1. Explanation about how the internship was applied. 3 2. Description of the firm and the department. 3 3. Description of job and tasks during the internship. 4 4. Connection between study and practice. 5 5. Working Routine. 5 6. Supervision. 6 7. Expectations. 6 8. Results. 6 9.†¦show more content†¦Connection between study and practice. All my knowledge in service marketing and sales were very helpful and useful during my internship. They bring me a lot of new ideas to be focus on what I’m doing and what to expect from me. Particularly during my MiBA studies I loved to read marketing reports, they are all very useful to have a global vision to marketing strategies of the company. During my internship I saw how the marketing chief plans this report with a new form of planning that actually it’s use by programmers, it’s call â€Å"Planning Poker†, this game should force people to think independently and to avoid the influence of the other participants. That was something innovating for me. Working Routine. My working routine began with some lessons of sales force. Learning Sales Force was quite an experience as the company use this CRM system to automate all sales procedures such as mass mail for all leads, creation of itineraries, tracking leads activities with html codes scripts on our mails signatures, and even making a whole travel plane for internal needs (internal reports, costs, products to add) and beautiful templates for final costumers. This study took about 3-4 hours per day. Then, I checked my email from Gmail, and also I have an email application from Mac, which contains 5 other email accounts for all mail accounts I had for the company. 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The Moral Responsibilities of Multinational Corporations...

Multinational companies like Caltex have a moral obligation to improve the living conditions of the citizens who live and work in those countries. Their role cannot be limited to increasing shareholder value, while perpetuating and fortifying political regimes that persecute and discriminate a group, or groups of their citizenry. I liken this to reforestation, and the responsibility that governments and corporations have to our planet. A corporation cannot simply make a profit and deplete natural and human resources; it needs to give back to that country and its communities. Under South Africas apartheid government, the Black majority was not given the same opportunities to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness as the White†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ By investing in South Africa, American companies inevitably strengthen the status quo of white supremacy. †¦ The leasing of a computer, the establishment of a new plant, the selling of supplies to the military all have political overtones. †¦ And among the country’s white community, the overriding goal of politics is maintenance of white control. In the words of Prime Minister John Vorster †¦ â€Å"We are building a nation for whites only† (Velazquez, 2006, p. 58). Although I have spent my entire adult life in business, I am certain that I would have supported each of the stockholder resolutions that â€Å"the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility announced† as â€Å"some of its subscribing members owned stock in Texaco, Inc. and in Standard Oil Co. of California (SoCal).† (Velazquez M. , 2006, p. 59). As the text further states, â€Å"Caltex was actively supporting policies that were unjust because they laid burdens on Blacks that Whites did not have to bear† (Velazquez, 2006, p. 59). As a proponent of justice and people’s rights, I do not agree with the â€Å"utilitarian standard of morality† (Velazquez, 2006, p. 59). I view the horrors of apartheid in a similar fashion as I view the Holocaust. 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Historical Studies Mobility Stratification â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Historical Studies Of Mobility Stratification? Answer: Introduction In recent times, there have been concerns about the rise in obesity and overweight that poses great risk to a peoples health. However, of importance in this paper, is to look at how socioeconomic status, especially in developed countries increase the potential for such conditions. In particular, this paper focuses on obesity and overweight in diverse socioeconomic status in developed countries. In addition to that, it is important to look at various ways of measuring inequality by use of either socioeconomic status or obesity and overweight (Hill, Peters,1998). The concerns about the inequality are not new but have spread and continue to widen over the last fifty years. Thus, there is a trend that is important for one to take note. On the other hand, structural resources help us understand socio-economic inequalities in many ways. Laws, guidelines, and policies exist within given countries which influences socioeconomic status and inequalities of those countries. Thus, what are some of the lobby groups that campaign against inequality in developed countries (Caballero, 2007). By use of various resources such as mainstream media, they will aid in forming explanations for addressing the problem. Last but most importantly, the paper will demonstrate examples of these media outlets that can be useful as far as the case study under discussion is concerned. Overweight/ Obesity about developed countries Concerns about overweight and obesity cannot be overemphasized. Biologically, it becomes as a result of one having excess intake of energy than the one given out, which leads to deposition of fats and in effect, increase in body weight. One is overweight when he or she has excess body adiposity. By BMI standards, overweight is having a BMI of the range of 25-31. On the other hand, one is described as obese; or rather obesity is having a BMI of more than 30 in both females and males (Finkelstein, Ruhm, Kosa, 2005). In developed countries, there is an increase in these two conditions. There are many factors that research attributes to this increase in obesity and overweight in developed countries. These factors include but are not limited to culture, socioeconomic status, policies, rules and regulations among others. Taking socioeconomic status, for instance, it has various implications on how a person lives, what he or she eats and the activities that he or she engages in. All these factors have potential impact, either negatively or positively on his or her health status (Nestle et al.,1998). In developed countries, there exist three groups that can be categorized as classes. These are the rich, or upper class, also known as the elites. Secondly, there is the middle class, and lastly, there exists the lower class or the poor. The upper class and the rich live relatively well regarding to meeting their basic needs while the lower class or the poor struggle to make ends meet (Hatzenbuehler, Phelan, Link, 2013). Therefore, living healthy entails many aspects which include being able to purchase healthy foodstuff. Research indicates that cheap goods or foodstuff in developed countries are mostly junky foods rich in sugar contents that pose serious threat to healthy and proper body weight of a person (Candib, 2007). Thus, the inequality, and in effect, socioeconomic status is a risk factor in lower class of becoming obese and overweight for they are unable to afford expensive and healthy food. On the other hand, this does not suggest that the elite or middle class live any be tter if recent research is anything to go by (Brownell, Warner, 2009). It appears that culture does not spare them either as they tend to prefer foods that are not healthy or this is causing an alarming rate of overweight and obese in developed countries. Measuring Inequality Inequalities in developed countries or any other society can be measured by use of various indicators. To start with educational attainment, this measure is vital as it represents the position that a person is ranked in society. Additionally, it determines the income and skills that one possesses. Thus, in determining the inequality of a country, it is crucial to look at the education level of her citizens (Diderichsen, Whitehead, Burstrm, 2001). Lastly, education level tells of the social class of a person, either among the elites or illiterate, with knowledge come wisdom, and therefore, this is an important element that tells the state of inequality in a country (Van Leeuwen, Maas, 2010). Another way of measuring inequality is by use of income. It represents the amount of salary or wages one gets and his financial ability. In showing inequality, income is important in dividing people into various groups, that is, those able to live a decent life and those not able to live a decen t life. In addition to that, there is also wealth (Boero, 2009). This represents the amount of income or assets that one possesses; inequality and socioeconomic status can also be demonstrated by assets or money in accounts that one has verses those without anything. Lastly, another way of measuring inequality is by use of poverty indicators. This is vital in the sense that those below the poverty line are of different class from those above the poverty line and the gap comes out clearly when looking at the things that they can afford (Metzl, Hansen, 2014). On the other hand, obesity and overweight is a condition that is common among people of lower classes and by looking at the number of people suffering from this condition, it can be an indicator in representing inequalities of developed countries. Trend in obesity and inequality in the past 50 years Obesity and overweight are on the rise for over fifty years in developed nations, and especially in the United States of America. In addition to that, there is also an increase in the gap between the elite and those of lower classes (Pickett, Wilkinson, 2015). Research indicates that in the last fifty years, there is a trend of people adopting a sedentary kind of lifestyle. Moreover, statistics indicate that young people, especially students engaging in drinking and smoking (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016). This has seen an increase in obesity and overweight among people in the last fifty years. The World Health Organization has for instance caution the United States that her adults risk being suffering from obesity and overweight in coming years if they do not check on their diet and culture. Structural Resources Laws, policies, rules, regulations or guidelines are instrumental in governing any state. They also determine the culture of a particular state and how the society is shaped. As far as the issue in question is concerned, these aspects have a greater influence on the tax of commodities, what is consumed by the society, information and knowledge that people have and affordability of food staff (Robertson, 2014). In addition to that, they also determine socioeconomic classes of her citizens. Thus, they are important to let anyone understand the causes of inequality and what are various ways that can be used to seal loopholes as it is evident that it is giving rise to health concerns. To start with laws and regulation, they determine tax on goods and peoples income. To increase tax on healthy foodstuff, poor people are not likely to be able to purchase while lowering such taxes and implementing rules favorable to the whole population about healthy foodstuff is synonymous to increasing th e health status of a given country (Heuer, McClure, Puhl, 2011). In addition to that, another way is to put in place laws and regulations that forbid the sale of alcohol or cigarettes to children under the age of 18 years. It is evident that it has a bearing on causing obesity and overweight and putting such measure will see people drinking responsibly at a mature age. Moreover, regulations can aid in subsidizing the tax levied on goods. This can help the poor to afford in buying healthy foodstuff. Lastly, policies are essential in controlling what a country imports or what it exports. Research indicates that over-processed foods can increase the chances of one being obese or overweight. Putting in place proper regulation will see imports of harmful substances being put at bay to save developed countries against canned and over processed foods. These are some of the ways that structural resources can make us understand and solve the problem. Influences of lobby groups To articulate and raise the grievances that are almost becoming a menace in developed nations, lobby groups, that is, industry manufacturers, health food advocacy and the media have a greater role to play in this part. To start with regulations, food industry lobby group can advise the state on how best to put regulations that will see them go through the transition of producing unhealthy foodstuffs to healthy ones. In addition to that, food industries groups can be at the forefront in the implementation of a regulation that advocates for healthy product for all classes by producing goods that are fit for consumption. In addition to that, it can be the responsibility of this industry and groups to educate the public on what is fit for consumption, by not only producing it but also fostering a cultural change. On the other hand, healthy food advocacy lobby groups can help in pointing out all the groups that violate laws that the state puts in place to curb unhealthy habit. Another rol e of healthy food advocacy is in educating the public on legislation concerning foodstuffs, cultures that are inclusive and healthy to avoid obesity and overweight and also serve and consultants in formulations of rules and regulations. On the other hand, the media personnels ought to act in a manner that informs the public on the dangers of one being obese and the guidelines that the government has put in place to rectify inequality. Maintaining Inequality On the other hand, the three resources may interact to hamper advocacy of equality and rather promote or maintain this trend in developed nations. To start with regulations food industry, an interaction between the two may make it difficult to have a balance in health status. In the sense that, those from the middle and upper class will continue to afford the goods they need, while the lower classes continue to subscribe to cheap and unhealthy foodstuffs. In addition to that, regulation and lobby groups may turn a blind eye, in that, by failing to raise the alarm on increased taxation among the lower classes. Lastly, the media has the responsibility of informing the public, on the right habits, culture that foster integration and healthy living and obtaining knowledge. Conclusion Thus, it is evident that inequality in developed countries is growing at an alarming rate. However, what is worrying is the rate at which this difference is making people obese and overweight. Over the past 50 years, there has been an increase in inequality that can be demonstrated by socioeconomic status. Some of the aspects that one can use to measure socioeconomic status include educational attainment, income, poverty, and wealth. However, to effectively understand this issue, it is essential to look at structural resources that are in place, this include but are not limited to factors such as rules and regulation, guidelines and policies. On the other hand, lobby groups can play a crucial role in advocating for the widening inequality, for instance, by advising the state, or by suggesting regulation that will lower taxes on goods. Additionally, they can advise the public on the habits that are healthy and do not lead to obesity and overweight. On the other hand, it is possible fo r some structure to integrate and maintain the inequality, for example, by advocating for laws that promote inequality. References Boero, N. (2009). Fat kids, working moms, and the epidemic of obesity: Race, class, and mother blame.The fat studies reader, 113-119. Brownell, K. D., Warner, K. E. (2009). The perils of ignoring history: Big Tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is Big Food?.The Milbank Quarterly,87(1), 259- 294. Caballero, B. (2007). The global epidemic of obesity: an overview.Epidemiologic reviews,29(1), 1-5. Candib, L. M. (2007). Obesity and diabetes in vulnerable populations: reflection on proximal and distal causes.The Annals of Family Medicine,5(6), 547-556. Diderichsen, F., Whitehead, M., Burstrm, B. (2001). Researching the impact of public policy on inequalities in health. InUnderstanding health inequalities(pp. 203-218). Open University Press. Finkelstein, E. A., Ruhm, C. J., Kosa, K. M. (2005). Economic causes and consequences of obesity.Annu. Rev. Public Health,26, 239-257. Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G. (2013). Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities.American journal of public health,103(5), 813-821. Heuer, C. A., McClure, K. J., Puhl, R. M. (2011). Obesity stigma in online news: a visual content analysis.Journal of health communication,16(9), 976-987. Hill, J. O., Peters, J. C. (1998). Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic.Science,280(5368), 1371-1374. Metzl, J. M., Hansen, H. (2014). Structural competency: Theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.Social Science Medicine,103, 126-133. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2016). Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19 2 million participants.The Lancet,387(10026), 1377-1396. Nestle, M., Wing, R., Birch, L., DiSogra, L., Drewnowski, A., Middleton, S., ... Economos, C. (1998). Behavioral and social influences on food choice.Nutrition reviews,56(5), 50-64. Pickett, K. E., Wilkinson, R. G. (2015). Income inequality and health: a causal review.Social Science Medicine,128, 316-326. Robertson, A. (2014). Obesity and inequities. Guidance for addressing inequities in overweight and obesity. Van Leeuwen, M. H., Maas, I. (2010). Historical studies of social mobility and stratification.Annual Review of Sociology,36, 429-451. Appendix Robertson, A. (2014). Obesity and inequities. Guidance for addressing inequities in overweight and obesity. Pickett, K. E., Wilkinson, R. G. (2015). Income inequality and health: a causal review.Social Science Medicine,128, 316-326. Metzl, J. M., Hansen, H. (2014). Structural competency: Theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.Social Science Medicine,103, 126-133. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2016). Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19 2 million participants.The Lancet,387(10026), 1377-1396. Heuer, C. A., McClure, K. J., Puhl, R. M. (2011). Obesity stigma in online news: a visual content analysis.Journal of health communication,16(9), 976-987. Boero, N. (2009). Fat kids, working moms, and the epidemic of obesity: Race, class, and mother blame.The fat studies reader, 113-119.

Beginning Psychology Essay

Beginning Psychology Essay Beginning Psychology Essay 1. Define "psychology." - The scientific study of mind and behavior. 2. Explain why using intuition about everyday behavior is insufficient for completely understanding the causes of behavior. - There are a variety of biases that often influence our perceptions and lead us to make the wrong conclusions. 3. What are empirical methods? What is the scientific method? How do the two relate? Empirical method is a way to collect and organize data and draw conclusions, like trial and error. Scientific method is one form of empirical. Scientific method is set rules and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical methods. 4. Name the three levels of explanation (perspectives) in psychology, and the process underlying each one. Give an example of each related to success in college. Lower – biological / A person born to very intelligent parents would be more likely to be successful in college. Middle – interpersonal / A parent can teach their child how important it is to study and encourage good grades. Higher – cultural / Other countries are more aggressive with teaching and how much time children spend at school and have higher expectations from their students. 5. List and define the four challenges of studying psychology. Individual differences – Each person is unique. One person could go into a deep depression after losing a loved one while another grieves and moves on displaying only slight symptoms of depression. Multiply determined – There is rarely just one reason for certain human behavior (violence, child abuse). Linked causes – The causes of certain behaviors are often linked so that is it difficult or impossible to decipher which reason has the most effect. Unconscious processes - Reasons we are unaware of, one example is repressed memories. 6. List and define the five most important questions that psychologists address. Nature vs. nurture – The difference between what is inherited (genes) and our environment. Free will vs. determinism – The difference between having control over one’s own actions or more influenced by factors out of one’s control. Accuracy vs. inaccuracy – The determination that people have the ability to make good decision when those decisions could actually be effected by personal preferences and biases. Conscious vs. unconscious processing – to be aware of what is causing our actions as opposed to being unaware of why we sometimes act the way we do. Differences vs. similarities – Are there differences between men and women? Differences because of culture or ethnicity? Or are we all basically the same? 7. What is structuralism, developed by Wundt? What method did structuralists use to study the mind? What were the limitations of that method? What are the two â€Å"firsts† accredited to structuralists? Structuralism is the study of the conscious psychological elements. Structuralists used introspection, participants explained their experiences while completing tasks. The limitations were that instances where participants could not explain how they came up with answers for a simple math problem, the unconscious process. The realization of the unconscious process was one â€Å"first†. Another â€Å"first† was that Wundt discovered it took a person longer to report a stimulus rather than just respond to it. 8. What is functionalism, developed by James? What field of psychology developed out of functionalism? What is the major imitation of that field? Functionalism was to figure out why animals and humans develop particular psychological aspects. The field of evolutionary psychology developed from functionalism. Its major limitation is that we cannot predict which psychological characteristics our ancestors possessed. 9. What is the field of psychology that Freud developed? What is the general influence of this approach? What central ideas from that field are still important to psychology today? The field Freud developed was psychodynamic

Literature Review of Emotional Intelligence in Managers Essays

Literature Review of Emotional Intelligence in Managers Essays Literature Review of Emotional Intelligence in Managers Essay Literature Review of Emotional Intelligence in Managers Essay The authors of the two journals review and provide valuable information on the work, life and emotional management of managers and leaders and how it is being intertwined with and embedded in the managing processes, implications on the employees? moods and emotions. The keyword in the two papers is emotional intelligence. However, it is arguable that they focused heavily on the aspects of emotional intelligence and leadership, and ignored other psychological forces that influence an individual. The research will be analysed closely by reviewing their arguments and findings. Humphrey et al. , (2008) research agrees on the use of emotional intelligence and emotional labour by leaders, how leaders? emotions influences the moods and emotions of their employees. The paper develops 15 propositions that provide an insight on how leaders perform emotional labour, leading with deep acting and surface acting. They concluded that success is obtained through leading with emotional labour, though sometimes costly especially for those engaged in surface acting. Trainings for leaders and managers on how to express their emotions effectively may help make the workplace more productive and enjoyable for both leaders and followers. Brotheridge and Lee, 2008 research provides an insight on the impact the expressed emotions of managers have on their work units „emotional climate, their employees? motions and the organization? s emotional health and overall success. The authors agree that at the heart of all working relationships are emotions (Burkitt, 1997, 2002; De Rivera and Grinkis, 1995); thus, emotions are the substance of managerial work and argues that leaders need to be knowledgeable on both emotional and social control and expectations that arise from gender roles. They concluded emotions are essential for managerial work and managers are expected to manage their emotions and their e mployees?. These two journals are almost completely similar as the authors review and argue on about the same issue – management with emotions, use of emotional intelligence. Brotheridge and Lee, (2008) argue that emotions and emotional skills are essential for day to day managerial work and leaders should learn to express their emotions more as that will result in more benefits for them instead of conducting business in a non-emotional â€Å"business-like manner†. Brotheridge and Lee, (2008) agree with Humphrey et al. , (2008) that managers must attend to their wn emotions and express them appropriately or experience declines in their personal emotional health. The influence the moods and emotions displayed by managers have on their subordinates? feelings, moods and emotion as well was highly emphasized in the two papers. The authors both agree that to a large extent, for a successful result, managers may need to engage in emotional labour. Managers may have to display a wide var iety of emotions and will require judgement about which emotion to display at a particular time depending on the situation which arises. Brotheridge and Lee, (2008) agrees with Humphrey et al. (2008) argument that managers who engage in deep acting (i. e. attempt to feel the emotions that they are expressing) are more likely to transmit their emotions to their employees than managers who are engaging in surface acting or are not regulating their emotional expression. Humphrey et al. , (2008) and Brotheridge and Lee, (2008) argue that leaders must be emotionally intelligent to be effective. As stated by Humphrey et al. 2008 proposition 10: Leaders high on emotional intelligence will be better at recognizing when situational demands call for performing emotional labour (2008: 161). But again, looking at the concept of leadership and management, the similarities and differences, it can be argued that leadership and management are two different, thus, leadership does not require emotional intelligence and it is best used for management. Arguably, we can say that even though managers and leaders are expected to lead with e motions, different people carry with them different personalities. If not properly trained on how to manage emotions and when to use, a manager may get carried away on when to use his/ her emotions and could be seen as a weakling. The employees working with these managers also have a role to play. A manager can only get a successful result, when he gets around studying and understanding the personalities of the employees under him to avoid a clash of personality. Also, pressure from the higher level management and home affairs can affect managers and leaders and may be displayed in their attitude to work. Humphrey et al. (2008) and Brotheridge and Lee, (2008) agree that managers would require to perform emotional labour. However, it can be argued that emotional labour increases emotional stress and causes emotional exhaustion which could result in reduced levels of employees? job dissatisfaction (Brotheridge and Grandey, 2002). Furthermore, cultures vary in their expectations for regulating and expressing emotions in the workplace (Cooper, Doucet am p; Pratt, 2003). In conclusion, Humphrey et al. , (2008) and Brotheridge and Lee, (2008) arguments were very valid and provided a valuable knowledge. Management and leadership though could be different, but are two complimentary systems of action and both require use of emotional intelligence to operate successfully. Employees? feelings and emotions are influenced through emotional contagion. Managers need to manage their personal emotions so that they are expressing positive emotions and not result in a decline in their emotional health. They must be attentive to their emotional reactions when making decisions, and the effect of their emotions on the quality of these decisions (Kida et al. 2001; Lurie, 2004). I believe gender has no factor in excelling in emotional management. I agree with Humphrey et al. , (2008) instead of telling managers and other leaders not to express their emotions, training on how to express their emotions effectively should be taken into consideration. This may help them use either deep acting or genuine emotional expressions and avoid the harmful psychological effects that accompany surface acting.

Ultimate Reality of Mahayana Buddhism Research Paper

Ultimate Reality of Mahayana Buddhism - Research Paper Example In Buddhism, there is a common teaching known as Shunyata. Shunyata was closely related with the works of Nagarjuna. This word implies emptiness or being void or even being open. Buddhism is one of the dominant religions in the Eastern religion which extends to most parts of India. The founder of Buddhism was Siddhartha who lived in the Sixth century BC (Valea 6). In the contemporary world, there are two branches of Buddhism. There is the conservative branch on one hand and the liberal branch on the other. The conservative branch is represented by the Thevada School which spreads in Southeast of Asia and Sri-Lanka. On the other hand, the liberal branch involves Mahayana which spread in China, Korea, Tibet, and Japan. The emergence of the Mahayana Buddhism took place between the first century BC and the first century AD. After the death of their masters, the Mahayana sutras were just revealed a long time after. This is because they were not understood by the majority of the people. Th eir teachings were too complex to the people and therefore attracted little attention. However, people began to understand their teachings with time which cultivated their interests in the teachings. On realizing the benefits of the teachings, more people became interested and the teachings were received by a greater number of people. According to Theravada school, in Ultimate Reality, none of the personal god, material or spiritual substance exists by itself (Valea 8). This school further argues that the world’s origin is not as Brahman rather or primordial being. According to this school, things which are manifested are the transitory factors of existence. These factors are not independent, they depend on each other. Therefore, when one factor experiences some problems, the entire system is affected. Buddha commented that â€Å"The world exists because of causal actions, all things are produced by causal actions and all beings are governed and bound by causal actions.

Social and Behavioural Sciences for Nursing Essay

Social and Behavioural Sciences for Nursing - Essay Example Various appropriate secondary sources will be used to interpret these experiences from social and behavioural science point of view. At age 18, John had been admitted into a psychiatric hospital thrice. Initially, he experienced lack of sleep and was confused holding paranoid beliefs and some grandiose. He saw familiar faces in the faces of strangers causing espionage traits. This made John believe that he was in danger of losing his free and spontaneous thinking ability. According to the mother, John exhibited poor concentration but was high in tension, fear and vigilance which Mueser and Jeste (2008), just as his psychiatrist, attribute to psychosomatic chest pains. Because of the history of psychosis in the family, the psychiatrist easily diagnosed schizophrenia in John. John’s mother recalled how the news was broken to them with the indication that their son would be under medication for the rest of his life traumatising them. These were John’s unique symptoms of a psychological disorder as each patient experiences unique symptoms and as such have unique ways of coping with the same (ed. Steel 2013). In the UK, Weinberger and Harrison (eds. 2011) document between 0.2% and 1% of people experiencing similar problems associated with schizophrenia at any particular time. These people occupy 8% of the hospital beds in Canada. The US has an even higher prevalence of the disorder standing at 1.2% of the total population, with the global data being even higher. Interestingly, one out of a hundred persons would be diagnosed with schizophrenia in their lifetime with diagnosis common in early adulthood at ages 18 to 25 for males and 25 to 30 and again at about 40 for females. The significance of prevalence of this disorder points out at the importance of understanding the perspective of the patient so as to be able to give a more client focussed approach in delivering health care to the community. In this case, John’s life journey informs an appro priate narrative to understand his illness from psychological, sociological and cultural perspectives. Social Perspective John was born into a poor family living in the inner city with the mother having four children each with different unknown fathers. This economic consideration provides a relationship between poverty and schizophrenia because ideally, schizophrenia, just as many other mental illnesses, affects people from poor backgrounds more than those from the more affluent areas. Clinard and Meier (2008) use the isolation theory to explain this phenomenon noting that poverty combined with social isolation would likely trigger psychosis among vulnerable individuals. Supporting this theory is Aneshensel and Phelan (eds. 2006) who postulate that social processes and arrangements form the basis of understanding the causes and consequences of mental illness. In fact, the tag of being mentally ill qualifies as a social transformation in itself. John being a child from a poor family thus explains his condition; an economic condition which was worsened by the expenses that arose from the care that John needed. After spending considerable time in the psychiatric hospital, John was integrated back to the society so as to assist him lead a normal life. This community care policy has benefitted John a great deal as it helped him appreciate himself as any other human. Even so, the community could not really embrace John back normally. Their perspective of the

Hazardous Chemical Materials

Hazardous Chemical Materials Hazardous chemical defined as the whispering killers. Chemical materials evade our life. It is the substances of harmful on humans, animals and all things on the ground. Chemical Hazardous cause big harm on our heath. Chemical materials effects badly on our life. Many people death in resulting to these chemical materials. People must fare away about using chemical materials because of its damages and hazardous. Injection, breathing, swallowing, skin and ingestion are the way to enter the chemical materials in our body. We should dealing carefully about the chemical materials to be safe our life and safe our generation. There are many ways to prevent the damages of chemical materials. Everything around us contain chemical materials. We should keep aware of using every things in our daily life. Hazardous chemical material is the substance that remain in the environment for many times, and not leave the environment or dissolve easily. When chemical materials produced in the environment, They stay in the ground, water, and all place in the environment for long times. When we spray The pesticides for killing the insects towards the insects, the material remain in the room for many times so the material damage us and our children. Hazardous chemical materials have many number of toxic effects which effects badly on all who live in the environment whether humans, animals, plants and so on. These chemical material damages people by many killing diseases like cancer, the damaging of the nervous system, disrupting in all part in human body. When people spray chemical materials on plants to grow faster, they damages the plants. After growing the plants, people go to eat these plants which grow from   chemical material and then they are caused by many diseases which can kill or hur t them. There are many negative effects of using the chemical materials. It has not any positive effects from using it. Chemical materials exit into the treatment and drugs. People think that drugs recover them. This belief is wrong. Drugs which made of chemical materials damage the human health so the wisdom which states that the prevention is better than cure, is very fact and correct. The chemical material is known as any material damage our health. Chemical materials existed in our life as the existing of water and plants. Our foods, clothes, vegetables and water made of chemical materials. Many people thought that chemical materials doesnt damage our life but this belief is wrong. In fact all chemical materials are harmful on us and on our environment. Many of chemical material may be poison or harm on the environment. We use chemical material on our daily life in fact. Chemical materials entered in all industries such as the pesticides material when we kill the insects. We kill the insects and the pesticides kill us as a killer silence. Drugs also made from the chemical materials. We take the drugs to recovery then these drugs effects badly our life in the long term. In addition, the environment exposure humans, animals and plants to many hazards such as the radiation, bacteria and viruses. Chemical materials founded in all place. Chemical material existed in a ir, water, drugs, insecticide and even in cosmetics. Chemical materials have catastrophic effects such as explosion and flammability and others. The chemical industries lead to the harm all environment. There are many ways should follow to prevent the hazardous of chemical materials. Recycling is one of the most process to prevent the damages of chemical materials. Returning items help to damage these chemical material and we can benefit from it instead of damaging us. The second way to prevent chemical material is the following of the duties that you have been learned and trained. Doing jobs to fullest extent possible help to us to develop our thinking about giving solution to use materials in good ways. Keeping the place, you work or stay also help to reduce the damaging of chemical hazards. When we clean everything that around us, the chemical materials which exiting in these things can be minimized the risks. Reading the consequences of using the material chemical before using it, reducing the damaging of catching diseases. Safety data of how using any material help us more to prevent the diseases which came from chemical materials. Eating or drinking during catching material ch emical, is very serious on our heath. When people use cosmetic or lenses and dont wash their hand carefully, people already catch diseases because these cosmetic contain of chemical materials. There are many ways also to prevent chemical materials. Minimizing the activities and processes which came from emission, helping to prevent catching diseases on our heath as possible. Moving away and departure from using substances which doesnt benefit us helping us to minimize the spreading of chemical materials. There are many ways to catch diseases from the using of the chemical materials. One of the way to catch diseases from using chemical material is the touching skin with chemical diseases. Many common accidents occur because the skin absorb chemical materials during using it quickly leading to catching physical poisoning.   Inhalation also catch many diseases. The respiratory system one of the most system of catching diseases. Many diseases entered into body easily through the respiratory system. Most cases of diseases that happen occur during working. When people breathe gasses and vapors. Ingestion also one of the most popular way for entering chemical material in our body. The population of hands, foods, water and others help to enter poisons materials into the body. Fortunately the digestive system does not absorb all poisonous food, there are many factors help the digestive way to reduce the absorption poisons into the body. Injection one of the most famous way to inter the chem ical material in our body. When people sick, they go to doctors and they obtain medicine. Most of these medicine contain toxic substances. The needle which was filled by chemical material could be entered into the leg or arm by chance, leading to the toxic liquid enter into the body, therefore men catch many diseases. Most of these diseases called cancer and other dangerous diseases. There are many ways also to catch diseases, when people work in garage and use gas, Kerosene to put theses gases in the car, liquid gases fall into the body. These liquid gases touch the skin of the body; hence damage the body by dangerous diseases. Finally, chemical material is one of the most silence killer in our world. Chemical materials enters in all food, water and other purposes. People is the principle of spreading chemical materials around the world. Chemical materials effects badly on our life. Drugs contain many chemical materials so the prevention is better than cure. All substances, which contain chemical materials, remain for a long time in the environment. There are many ways help chemical materials to enter them to into the body such as Injection, breathing, swallowing, skin and ingestion. There are many ways should follow to prevent the spreading of chemical materials. We should build our houses fare away of agricultural lands. We should remain our place very clean. All thing must be clean to prevent the chemical materials from catching us. We should discover alternative ways to reduce the use of chemical materials. We must avoid using of toxic materials or learn how to deal with these materials. . In the end, w e should be caution to a void the hazardous chemical materials to be in good heath and to protect our future generation. References Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2017, Feb 14). How Do I Work Safely with Toxic Materials. Retrieved from Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/toxic_safe.html CHRIS DINESEN ROGERS . (2015, Aug 10). Ways to Prevent Hazardous Waste. Retrieved from Livestrong.com: http://www.livestrong.com/article/167183-ways-to-prevent-hazardous-waste/ Ckilbourne. (2012, Apr 1). Rules for Safe Handling of Hazardous Materials. Retrieved from Ehsdailyadvisor.blr.com: http://ehsdailyadvisor.blr.com/2012/04/11-rules-for-safe-handling-of-hazardous-materials/ Utah.gov. (2017, Feb 14). Hazardous Materials. Retrieved from Utah.gov: https://www.utah.gov/beready/family/HazardousMaterials.html

Ahab as the Hero of Moby Dick Essay -- Moby Dick Essays

Ahab as the  Hero of Moby Dick      Ã‚  One might think it a difficult task to find a tragic hero hidden in the pages of Moby Dick. Yet, there is certainly potential for viewing Ahab as heroic despite unfavorable responses to him by the reader. In the original formula coming from the Greeks, the tragic hero had to be a high-born individual of elevated status possessed of a fatal flaw which resulted in their downfall. With Othello Shakespeare redefined elevated status to include position alone rather than being linked to societal or birth status. In this way it was possible for Othello as the military leader to be the tragic hero despite being an outsider in the composition of the society. Melville follows this example in Moby-Dick. On board the Pequod, Ahab as the ship's captain assumes the role of king or dictator that gives him the elevated status to fit this traditional view of the hero (Millhauser 76). Melville himself wrote: Men may seem detestable . . . ; men may have mean and meagre faces; but man, in the ideal, is so noble and so sparkling, such a grand and glowing creature, that over any ignominious blemish in him all his fellows should run to throw their costliest robes . . . . If, then, to meanest mariners, and renegades and castaways, I shall hereafter ascribe high qualities, though dark; weave round them tragic graces; . . . then against all mortal critics bear me out in it, thou just Spirit of Equality, which has spread one royal mantle of humanity over all my kind! . . . . Thou who, in all Thy mighty, earthly marchings, ever cullest Thy selectest champions from the kingly commons; bear me out in it, O God! (444-445)    Melville takes the traditional heroic view and reinterprets it from the American... ... halters round their necks; but it is only when caught in the swift, sudden turn of death, that mortals realize the silent, subtle, ever-present perils of life" (Melville 545). With these words, Ahab's fate is linked with a universal fate of mankind. Through this common denominator, Ahab's struggle becomes that of all men everywhere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Ahab, Melville developed an unlikely hero. He is not always appealing, but he does seek within his own realm of knowledge and experience to overcome what he perceives as a major evil force. Ultimately, Ahab gives his life in pursuit of a betterment for everyone.    Works Cited Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick. 8 Classic American Novels. Ed. David Madden. San Diego: Harcourt, 1990. Millhauser, Milton. "The Form of Moby-Dick." Critics on Melville. Ed. Thomas J. Rountree. Coral Gables: U of Miami P, 1972. 76-80.

Is411 Study Guide

Study Guide IS 411 Security Policies and Implementation Issues A perfect policy will not prevent all threats. Key to determining if a business will implement any policy is cost. Policies support the risk assessment to reduce the cost by providing controls and procedures to manage the risk. A good policy includes support for incident handling. Pg 15 Policy may add complexity to a job but that is not important. Unmanageable complexity refers to how complex and realistic the project is. The ability of the organization to support the security policies will be an important topic.Pg 105 Who should review changes to a business process? Policy change control board, minimally you should include people from information security, compliance, audit, HR, leadership from other business units, and Project Managers (PMs). Pg 172 ————————————————- Policy – a document that states how the organization is to perform and conduct business functions and transactions with a desired outcome. Policy is based on a business requirement (such as legal or organizational) ————————————————- ———————————————— Standard – an established and proven norm or method, which can be a procedural standard or a technical standard implemented organization-wide ————————————————- ————————————————- Procedure – a written statement describing the steps required to implement a process. Procedures are technical steps taken to achieve policy go als (how-to document) ————————————————- ————————————————-Guideline – a parameter within which a policy, standard, or procedure is suggested but optionalpg 11-13 Resiliency is a term used in IT to indicate how quickly the IT infrastructure can recover. Pg 279. The Recovery Time Objective (RTO) is the measurement of how quickly individual business processes can be recovered. Recovery Point Objectives (RPOs) is the maximum acceptable level of data loss from the point of the disaster. The RTO and RPO may not be the same value. Pg 287 Policies are the key to repeatable behavior.To achieve repeatable behavior you just measure both consistency and quality. Oversight phases to operational consistency: * Monitor * Measure * Review * Track * Improve pg 40 Find ways to mitigate risk through reward. Reward refers to how management reinforces the value of following policies. An organization should put in place both disciplinary actions for not following policies and recognition for adhering to policies. This could be as simple as noting the level of compliance to policies in the employee’s annual review. Pg 78 Domain | Key policies and controls|User | Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)E-mail policyPrivacy policy – covers physical securitySystem access policy – IDs & passwordsAuthorization – Role Base Access Control (RBAC)Authentication – most important| Workstation| Microsoft system center configuration manager: * Inventory – tracks LAN connections * Discovery – detects software and info installed for compliance * Patch – current patches installed * Help desk – remote access to diagnose, reconfigure, reset IDs * Log – extracts logs to central repository * Security – ensures use rs have limited rights, alerts added administer accounts| LAN| Hub – connects multiple devicesSwitch – can filter trafficRouter – connects LANs or LAN-WANFirewall – filters traffic in and out of LAN, commonly used to filter traffic from public internet WAN to private LANFlat network – has little or no control to limit network trafficSegmented – limits what and how computers are able to talk to each other by using switches, routers, firewalls, etc. | LAN-WAN| Generally, routers and firewalls are used to connect LAN-WAN. Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) provide a public-facing access to the organization, such as public websites. DMZ sits between two layers of firewalls to limit traffic between LAN-WAN| WAN| Unsecure public Internet. Virtual Private Network (VPN) secure and private encrypted tunnel. Firewalls have capability to create and maintain a VPN tunnel.Lower cost, save time for small to medium companies with VPN instead of leased line| Remote A ccess| Enhanced user domainRemote authentication – two factor * Something you know (id/password) * Something you have (secure token) * Something you are (biometric)VPN client communicates with VPN hardware for tunneling, client-to-site VPN:Maintains authentication, confidentiality, integrity and nonrepudiation. | System/Application| Application software is the heart of all business applications. Application transmits the transaction to server. Data Loss Protection (DLP) or Data Leakage Protection (DLP) refers to a program that reduces the likelihood of accidental or malicious loss of data. DLP involves inventory, perimeter (protected at endpoints) and encryption of mobile devices. Pg 67|Motivation – pride (work is important), self-interest (repeat behavior rewarded, most important pg 326), and success (winning, ethical, soft skills). Pg 91 Executive management support is critical in overcoming hindrances. A lack of support makes implementing security policies impossibl e. Listen to executive needs and address in policy. Pg 341 Security policies let your organization set rules to reduce risk to information assets. Pg 22. Three most common security controls are: * Physical – prevent access to device * Administrative – procedural control such as security awareness training * Technical – software such as antivirus, firewalls, and hardware pg 27Information System Security (ISS) is the act of protecting information and the systems that store and process it. Information Assurance (IA) focuses on protecting information during process and use. Security tenets known as the five pillars of the IA model: * Confidentiality * Integrity * Availability * Authentication * Nonrepudiation Policy must be clearly written. Unclear purpose refers to the clarity of value a project brings. In the case of security policies, it’s important to demonstrate how these policies will reduce risk. It’s equally important to demonstrate how the pol icies were derived in a way that keep the business cost and impact low. Pg 104 ———————————————— Head of information management is the single point of contact responsible for data quality within the enterprise. ————————————————- ————————————————- Data stewards are individuals responsible for data quality with a business unit. ————————————————- ————————————————- Data administrators execute policies and procedures such as backup, versio ning, up/down loading, and database administration. ————————————————- ————————————————-Data security administrators grant access rights and assess threats in IA programs. Pg 188 ————————————————- ————————————————- Information security officer identifies, develops and implements security policies. ————————————————- ———————————————à ¢â‚¬â€- Data owners approves access rights to information. ————————————————- ————————————————- Data manager responsible for procedures how data should be handled and classified. ————————————————- ————————————————-Data custodian individual responsible for day-to-day maintenance, grant access based on data owner, backups, and recover, maintain data center and applications. ————————————————- —————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Data user end user of an application. ————————————————- ————————————————- Auditor are inter or external individual who assess the design and effectiveness of security policies. Pg 115 Separation of duty principle – responsibilities and privileges should be divided to prevent a person or a small group of collaborating people from inappropriately controlling multiple key aspects of a process and causing harm or loss. Pg 156Internal control principle – information security forms the core of an organization’s information internal control systems. Regulations mandate that internal control systems be in place and operating correctly. Organizations rely on technolo gy to maintain business records. It’s essential that such technology include internal control mechanisms. These maintain the integrity of the information and represent a true picture of the organization’s activities. Pg 155 Lines of defense in the service sector: 1. Business Unit (BU) deals with controlling risk daily, mitigate risk when possible. Develops long and short-term strategies, directly accountable. 2. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) program, team owns the risk process.Provides guidance to BU, aligns policies with company goals, oversight of risk committees and risk initiatives. 3. Independent auditor assures board and executive management the risk function is designed and working well. Pg 192 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects a person’s privacy. HIPAA defines someone’s health record as protected health information (PHI). HIPAA establishes how PHI can be collected, processed and disclosed and provides penaltie s for violations. Health care clearinghouses process and facilitate billing. Pg 50 Executive management is ultimately responsible for ensuring that data is protected.Information systems security organization enforces security policies at a program level. The team is accountable for identifying violations of policies. The front-line manager/supervisor enforces security policies at an employee level. Employees are responsible for understanding their roles and the security policies. They are accountable for following those policies. Employees can still be held liable for violations of the law. Employees can be prosecuted for illegal acts. Sampling of key roles to enforce security policies: * General counsel- enforces legal binding agreements * Executive management- implements enterprise risk management * Human resources- enforces disciplinary actions Information systems security organization- enforces polices at program level * Front-line manager/supervisor- enforces policies at employ ee level pg 366 A Privileged-level Access Agreement (PAA) is designed to heighten the awareness and accountability of those users who have administrative rights. Security Awareness Policy (SAP) laws can outline the frequency and target audience. Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) defines the intended uses of computer and networks. A good AUP should accompany security awareness training. Pg 220 Auditors are feared Contractors comply with the same security policies as any other employee (such as an AUP). There may be additional policy requirements on a contractor such as special non-disclosure agreement and deeper background checks. Pg 215Data Class| Class Description| Recovery Period| Examples| Critical| Data must be recovered immediately| 30 minutes| Website, customer records| Urgent| Data can be recovered later| 48 hrs| e-mail backups| Non-vital| Not vital for daily operations| 30 days| Historical records, archives pg 263| U. S. military classification – nation security information document EO 12356. * Top secret – grave damage to national security * Secret – serious damage to NS * Confidential – cause damage to NS * Sensitive but classified – confidential data under freedom of information act * Unclassified – available to the public A Business Continuity Plan (BCP) policy creates a plan to continue business after a disaster. Elements include key assumptions, accountabilities, frequency of testing and part includes BIA.Business Impact Analysis (BIA) purpose is to determine the impact to an organization in the event that key processes and technology are not available. Assets include critical resources, systems, facilities, personnel, and records. Pg 278 Desired results of the BIA include: * A list of critical processes and dependencies * A work flow of processes that include human req to recover key assets * Analysis of legal and regulatory requirements * A list of critical vendors and support agreements * An estimate of the maximum allowable downtime pg 286 Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) is the policies and documentation needed for an organization to recover its IT assets after a disaster (part of BCP). Pg 288Governance – requires a strong governance structure in place. This includes formal reporting to the board of directors. Most boards receive formal GLBA reporting through the audit committee. The head of information security usually writes this report each quarter. Pg 51 An Incident Response Team (IRT) is specialized group of people whose purpose is to respond to major incidents. The IRT is typically a cross-functional (different skills) team. Pg 297. Common IRT members include: * Information technology SMEs * Information security representative * HR * Legal * PR * Business continuity representative * Data owner * Management * Emergency services (normally outside agency i. e. olice) pg 302 Visa requires its merchants to report security incidents involving cardholder data. Visa classifies incid ents into the following categories: * Malicious code attacks * Denial of service (DOS) * Unauthorized access/theft * Network reconnaissance probe pg 299 Declare an incident, develop a response/procedure to control the incident. Before a response can be formulated, a discussion needs to be made. This involves whether to immediately pursue the attacker or protect the organization. Having a protocol in advance with management can establish priorities and expedite a decision. It is important to have a set of responses prepared in advance.Allowing the attacker to continue provides evidence on the attack. The most common response is to stop the attack as quickly as possible. Pg 309 How do you collect data? A trained specialist collects the information. A chain of custody is established and documented. Digital evidence, take a bit image of machines and calculate a hash value. The hash value is essentially a fingerprint of the image. IRT coordinator maintains evidence log and only copies ar e logged out for review. Pg 311 Why do policies fail? Without cohesive support from all levels of the organization, acceptance and enforcement will fail. Pg 19 Which law allows companies to monitor employees?The Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA) gives employers the right to monitor employees in the ordinary course of business. Pg 356 Policy enforcement can be accomplished through automation or manual controls. Automated controls are cost efficient for large volumes of work that need to be performed consistently. A short list of several common automated controls: * Authentication methods * Authorization methods * Data encryption * Logging events * Data segmentation * Network segmentation pg 361 Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) is a free download that can query systems for common vulnerabilities. It starts by downloading an up to date XML file. This file includes known vulnerabilities and release patches. Pg 378Business Continuity Plan (BCP) sustain business durin g disaster Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) support strategic functions during disaster Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) plan to recover facility at alternate site during disaster Business Recovery Plan (BRP) recover operation immediately following disaster Occupant Emergency Plan (OEP) plan to minimize loss of life or injury and protect property from physical threat pg 292 Extra notes: There are two types of SAS 70 audits: * Type 1 – is basically a design review of controls. * Type II – includes type 1 and the controls are tested to see if they work. Pg 61 Governance, Risk management, and Compliance (GRC) and Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) both to control risk. ERM takes a broad look at risk, while GRC is technology focused.GRC top three best frameworks are ISO 27000 series, COBIT, COSO. Pg 197 Incident severity classification: * Severity 4 – small number of system probes or scans detected. An isolated instance of a virus. Event handled by automated controls. No unauthorized activity detected. * Severity 3 – significant probes or scans. Widespread virus activity. Event requires manual intervention. No unauthorized activity detected. * Severity 2 – DOS detected with limited impact. automated controls failed to prevent event. No unauthorized activity detected. * Severity 1 – successful penetration or DOS attack with significant disruption. Or unauthorized activity detected.Pg 308 To measure the effectiveness include IRT charter goals and analytics. Metrics are: * Number of incidents * Number of repeat incidents (signifies lack of training) * Time to contain per incident (every incident is diff, least important) * Financial impact to the organization (most important to management) Glossary terms Bolt-on refers to adding information security as a distinct layer of control after the fact. Business Impact Analysis (BIA) a formal analysis to determine the impact in the event key processes and technology are not available. Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) focuses on financial and risk management.Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) framework that brings together business and control requirements with technical issues. Detective control is a manual control that identifies a behavior after it has happened. Federal Desktop Core Configuration (FDCC) a standard image mandated in any federal agency. Image locks down the operating system with specific security settings. Firecall-ID a process granting elevated rights temporarily to resolve a problem. Flat network has little or no controls to limit network traffic. Information Technology and Infrastructure Library a framework that contains comprehensive list of concepts, practices and processes for managing IT services. IRT coordinator documents all activities during an incident, official scribe.IRT manager makes all the final calls on how to respond, interface with management. Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA) also known as a confidentiality agreement. Octave is an acronym for Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation. ISS framework consisting of tools, techniques, and methods. Pretexting is when a hacker outlines a story in which the employee is asked to reveal information that weakens the security. Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) NIST spec for how security software products measure, evaluate and report compliance. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system hardware and software that collects critical data to keep a facility operating.